Auditing Question-Order Effects in Large Language Models with the QQ Equality: Mechanism Characterization and a Saturation Caveat
Human survey respondents exhibit question-order effects that satisfy the QQ (quantum question) equality, an a priori, parameter-free prediction of the projective quantum question-order model. We develop the QQ equality into an audit criterion for sequential judgments of autoregressive large language models (LLMs). Theoretically, we characterize which mechanism classes satisfy it robustly: marginal-independent kernels satisfy QQ iff all four mismatch transition rates coincide (a class containing the 2D rank-1 projective model with a fixed measurement pair under state variation); a polarity- and
