After mentoring 40+ juniors — the 4 AWS gaps that keep coming up

Disclosure: I'm part of CloudSpikes (mentioning upfront per Rule 4). Been mentoring junior devs into cloud/DevOps roles for a couple years now. Same 4 gaps come up over and over — none covered by AWS certs, none in tutorials. Sharing in case it saves someone time: 1. IAM roles vs users — everyone starts with an access key on their laptop, hits prod, panics. The moment you internalise roles + STS + instance profiles saves you months.