Algorithm–hardware co-design of neuromorphic networks with dual memory pathways

Nature Machine Intelligence, Published online: 16 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s42256-026-01255-3 Pengfei Sun et al. develop a spiking neural network with a dual memory pathway, co-designed with a custom neuromorphic chip. The approach delivers over 4× throughput and 5x energy efficiency gains while using 40–60% fewer parameters than state-of-the-art implementations.