Backbone-Agnostic Perturbation-Induced Uncertainty Learning for End-to-End Real-World Image Dehazing

Real-world paired image dehazing remains challenging because haze degradation is spatially non-uniform, illumination-dependent, and physically ambiguous even when haze-free references are available. Existing end-to-end restoration networks usually formulate dehazing as a deterministic mapping from a hazy observation to a clean target, leaving the uncertainty hidden in degraded features, haze priors, and cross-domain negative samples insufficiently explored. In this paper, we propose Backbone-Agnostic Perturbation-Induced Uncertainty Learning (BPUL), a plug-and-play uncertainty learning framewo