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paperarXivTrust 82 · PrimaryPublished 3d agoLive · 6h ago

When does fusing hand-crafted knowledge with learned representations pay? A cost-normalized benchmark of stacking, substitution, and interference

Fusing prior knowledge with data-driven learning is attractive where data is scarce, yet no controlled account says when it helps, is redundant, or harms. We benchmark one fixed hand-crafted knowledge source, a pinned bank of Gabor targets injected only during training at $\sim$2\% overhead, against data-driven alternatives (SimCLR, SimSiam, DINO, ImageNet transfer, augmentation, learned teachers) under one frozen recipe with fixed subsets: 13 datasets, 9 backbones, 150 to 1.28M images, 32--224\,px, 2.5M--86M parameters ($\computeCells$ classification configurations over $\computeRuns$ runs, p

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